Adolescence (13-18 yrs)

When teaching complex issues, environmental educators must consider using a framework that addresses the environmental, social, and economic aspects of problems to raise awareness and improve pro-environmental decision-making, two key goals of environmental education. In particular, cost information - the perceived trade-offs of environmental issues and solutions - is important for students to consider for sustainability. However, the way environmental education topics have been framed or messaged has not been widely studied.

Mangroves are vulnerable to climate change impacts and face degradation from human activities such as agriculture, aquaculture, and pollution. It is essential to conserve mangroves and mitigate the impacts to them because they provide an array of ecosystem services.

Environmental education (EE) has been practiced in the United States since the early twentieth century and helps students develop environmental literacy and the tools to address global climate issues. As scientists have predicted worsening climate conditions that will negatively impact human health and ecosystems, EE is well-positioned to positively influence students' knowledge, skills, and attitudes, leading to more pro-environmental behaviors over time to collectively reduce the negative impacts of climate change.

Institutions of higher education are positioned to influence students in becoming informed and action-minded citizens for sustainable change. There are studies that inform best pedagogical practice for undergraduates and studies that validate different objectives that college-aged students retain over time. However, there is a lack of inquiry linking curriculum design and learning outcomes.

As a response to the impacts of human activity on the climate and the international attempts to mitigate these negative impacts, environmental and sustainability education (ESE) in formal school systems has become prevalent. However, there is little research on how students perceive current ESE efforts. In Spain, the Basque Autonomous Community implemented the School Agenda 21 (SA21) which focuses on three goals: participation of the education community, sustainably managing schools, and ESE curriculum. Educational centers, Ingurugela, were created to support teachers in delivering ESE.

Engineering is a key discipline for creating climate change solutions through developing materials and structures to combat negative impacts like rising temperatures, flooding, and sea level rise. Though much research has been conducted with middle and high school students to understand opinions of and the willingness to address climate change in future careers, there has been little review of how engineering students in undergraduate programs at universities in the United States regard climate change.

Storytelling can alter one's place-based connection and feelings towards those experiences. Narratives and stories are deeply embedded into the practices of hunting and fishing. In some cases, the author noted, hunters and anglers spend more time talking about the hunting and fishing experiences than actually hunting or fishing. This article is a perspective piece in which the author explored how narratives can shape people's views of hunting and fishing.

Environmental activism has shifted in expression over time to performative art, and this transition has been coined artivism. Artivism, when art across all types of media is used in activism, has significant capacity to convey specific environmental concerns through performative expression, creating an avenue of understanding amongst communities. However, certain identities facing the most detriment from climate change reside from view in environmental movements due to social and political power dynamics.

The COVID-19 pandemic triggered many countries to impose lockdowns to keep their citizens safe and healthy. These policies negatively impacted society and the economy and illuminated environmental injustices. For example, people in urban areas, particularly disadvantaged groups, had fewer opportunities to be in green spaces due to the closing of community areas and lack of access to natural settings. Research has shown that simply being in nature can improve mental and physical health, both of which was negatively impacted for many during strict lockdowns.

Around the world, natural fish populations are suffering due to overfishing and climate change impacts. To address such complex issues, educational games have been implemented and have been met with much success in environmental education. Not only do games help students retain information about the topic, but also provide an opportunity to think critically about possible solutions and impacts of solutions.