A review of the research on the convergence of child and youth care practice with outdoor adventure reveals a credible evidence-base with robust positive outcomesThis scoping review sought to identify and summarize the existing literature of outdoor adventure programs and approaches published in child and youth care (CYC) literature between January 1997 and March 2017. A related goal was to summarize findings, describe the current state of research, and identify themes and gaps which may provide direction for CYC education, practice and research. CYC professionals provide therapeutic services to children, youth, and families to promote their optimal development, especially in the areas of social, emotional, and mental health functioning. CYC practice has long-established associations with outdoor education programming for child and youth development opportunities and treatment options.
A total of 63 articles published in 25 different child and youth care journals met the inclusion criteria for this review. These publications depict a range of outdoor education (OE) approaches which were then grouped into three distinct categories: wilderness and adventure therapy; therapeutic camping; and adventure education and physical activity. Most of the publications (50) originated from the United States, with four or less each from six other nations (Canada, New Zealand, Israel, Germany, Singapore, Netherlands). There were more publications in the “wilderness and adventure therapy” category than in the “therapeutic camping” and “adventure education and physical activity” categories. While reported outcomes in all three categories were generally positive, there were some ethical concerns identified in wilderness therapy practice.
Overall, research on the convergence of CYC practice with OA reveals a credible evidence-base with robust positive outcomes. There remains a need, however, to more clearly identify and articulate outdoor adventure practices as they relate to CYC practice. Four specific suggestions for future research are offered: (1) to review the historical confluence of CYC and OA, (2) to increase the quantity of qualitative studies to better understand the mechanisms involved in the process, 3) to determine where OA approaches become valued components of a ‘continuum of care’ for children, youth, and families, and (4) to explore cross-cultural understandings of OA in CYC. Such research initiatives could provide direction to and enhance the training and education of practitioners.
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