The focus of this research summary is on issues relating to the “extinction of experience,” a term introduced by Robert Pyle over 20 years ago in reference to the ongoing alienation of humans from the natural environment. Included in this review is a discussion about the causes and consequences of the diminishing interaction between humans and the rest of nature along with some suggestions for public policy and future research.
Two primary causes of the extinction of experience identified through this review are loss of opportunity and loss of orientation. The rapid growth in the number of people living in urban areas is cited as the main reason why people have fewer opportunities for engaging with nature. In urban areas, a high proportion of space is devoted to the built (versus natural) environment; and people who live farther from natural areas tend to interact less frequently with nature.
Orientation, in this context, includes one's emotional connectedness to nature. Some research referenced in this review indicates that the influence of an individual's emotional connectedness to nature is comparable to – and sometimes even stronger than – the influence of opportunity for actively engaging with nature.
Consequences of the “extinction of experience” discussed in this review include not only changes in health and well-being, but also changes in emotions, attitudes, and behaviors. These changes can impact children and youth in negative ways. Research clearly indicates that regular contact with nature is essential for optimal social, emotional, cognitive, and motor development. Loss of interactions with nature sometimes leads to “biophobia” or the fear of and aversion towards nature. This and other negative emotions about nature can diminish one's sense of vitality and life satisfaction. Additionally, one's interest in and commitment to the environment are also negatively impacted bu biophobia.
This review calls attention to the need for researchers and policy makers to focus efforts on finding ways to reconnect people with nature. Such connections are critical for healthy societies and a sustainable environment.
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