This review of the literature was based on the understanding that environmental education (EE) at the preschool level plays a critical role in promoting environmental stewardship. Three related objectives framed the literature review: (1) To examine the effects of the natural environment on children; (2) To assess current issues relating to the implementation of EE in Malaysian preschools; and (3) To identify ways in which preschool design elements can be used to optimize children's development while also fostering their environmental literacy.
Findings from studies reviewed indicate that children have a natural affinity for nature and that interacting with nature promotes their development in multiple ways -- emotionally, physically, cognitively, socially, etc.. Children's engagement with nature also promotes an understanding of their surroundings. Limited access to nature, on the other hand, can lead to nature deficit disorder (NDD) – a condition associated with a lack of interest and awareness of natural surroundings, which can, in turn, reduce the amount of time children play in nature. Several health and well-being issues are linked to NDD, including obesity, stress, anxiety, myopia, and ADHD symptoms. Research findings also suggest that children's lack of interaction with nature makes it more difficult to nurture environmental stewardship. EE at the early childhood level can improve the chances of children becoming care-takers of the environment.
Issues related to the implementation of EE in Malaysian preschools include a lack of teacher preparedness, parents' fear of dangers relating to outdoor play, children's attachment to electronic gadgets, and the absence of physical design features accommodating EE at the preschool. Specific recommendations for addressing these concerns include creating a more natural outdoor environment and involving children in the care of plants and animals. The overall goal in rethinking the physical design of preschool settings should be to maximize children's interactions with nature. In addition to fostering children's optimal development, such interactions will also promote pro-environmental attitudes and behaviors.
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