In Los Angeles County (California), 80% or more school-aged children do not meet guidelines for daily physical activity. While several studies have examined the impact of nature exposure on wellness in children, fewer studies have explored the social and physical activity benefits. A previous study by the authors found reduced sedentary behavior and verbal and physical conflicts at schools that had green schoolyard renovations.
This pilot study in two elementary schools in Los Angeles County School District, which had more than 50% of students who were eligible for free or reduced lunch based on family income, were used. One of the schools underwent a large-scale greening renovation with the replacement of 21,000 sq. ft. of asphalt, and the other was the control. Classrooms from grade 2-6 were asked to participate in assessing physical activity measures. Baseline, 4-month, and 16-month follow-up assessments were conducted. An observation tool (SOCARP) was used to record social interactions and engagement in sedentary, walking, or vigorous activities. Students also wore accelerometers for five consecutive days during recess.
The study found positive changes in the prosocial behaviors and activity levels of children following the green schoolyard renovation. The study also indicated that green space play areas can minimize age-related decline in physical activity for girls (but not boys, over time). Girls tended to engage in group free play activities in the green space compared to boys who engaged in traditional playground games. When interviewed, girls indicated that secluded green space versus open green space for sports was more appealing, and where they were more likely to be physically active.
The findings highlight that asphalt surfaces in schoolyards can promote sedentary behavior and conflict. There are also gender-specific differences in the types of green spaces that are preferred. Green schoolyards have the potential to help reduce health disparities in obesity and physical activity for lower income students in urban areas and to address the age-related declines in physical activity often observed in girls.
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