Nature-based citizen science can increase emotional and cognitive connections to natureThis systematic review of the literature investigated the potential of nature-based citizen science (NBCS) in addressing concerns relating to the “extinction of experience” (EOE). EOE generally refers to people’s alienation from nature and is recognized as “one of the greatest causes of the biodiversity crisis.” The review focused specifically on nature-based citizen science (NBCS) as a potential strategy for connecting people with nature. NBCS engages volunteers in nature-related scientific research and typically involves some form of data collection.
The review was limited to NBCS studies published between January 2014 and August 2017. While 56 of these studies met the review criteria, only 26 included data on the motivations and/or outcomes of volunteers participating in NBCS programs. Researchers grouped the motivations/outcomes into one of the following categories: interest, knowledge, behavior, well-being, curiosity, skills, self-efficacy. The most common motivations were “interest in science and the environment,” “behavior and stewardship,” “knowledge of the nature of science,” and “well- being.” The most common outcomes were “behavior and stewardship,” “knowledge of the nature of science,” and “skills of science inquiry.” Fewer than half of the studies used a before–after approach to evaluate the outcomes, and only five studies included control groups. While nine studies reported at least one statistically significant increase in a desired outcome, six studies reported no changes in measured outcomes.The most significant positive changes were in the areas of “knowledge of the nature of science” and “behavior and stewardship.” Surprisingly, one study reported significant decreases in self-reported “knowledge of the nature of science” and “skills of science inquiry.” These results might be explained by participants’ evaluation of their own scientific capabilities rather than actual declines in knowledge and skills. A common motivator for people participating in NBCS was an awareness of contributing to research. Using a nature app and experiencing a sense of community through online forums were additional motivators for some volunteers to stay involved with NBCS. Outcomes included a sense of satisfaction and reasons to be outside.
The findings of this literature review suggest that NBCS programs may create or enhance people’s relationships with nature. Increased connections with nature may, in turn, lead to positive changes in people’s environmental behaviors and attitudes. Further research is needed, however, on the mechanisms that drive the human-nature relationship. Such research could provide a better understanding of the various outcomes of nature based citizen science.
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