Ecotherapy, as an applied practice of ecopsychology, is based on the premise that humans are part of the web of life, inseparable from the world of nature. Ecotherapy is also based on research indicating that contact with nature enhances various aspects of human well-being and can alleviate some mental health disorders or concerns. Until recently, however, the role of the human-to-nature relationship has been largely absent in psychology literature. This review provides an overview of techniques, applications and challenges related to ecotherapy in psychology.
While ecopsychology is relatively new in Western thought, it is consistent with a long-held belief in Indian philosophy – that is, that humans are an integral and indispensable part of nature. Western thought, in contrast, generally views nature as a commodity to be consumed for human fulfillment. Ecotherapy, then, is more reflective of traditional Indian philosophy, in that it attempts to reconnect people with nature. A basic understanding behind this therapeutic approach is that reconnecting people with nature can promote their mental health and well-being.
Ecotherapy involves explicit environmental or ecological interventions. Different forms of ecotherapy outlined in the literature include horticulture, animal-assisted interventions, care farms, wilderness therapy, and nature-focused arts and crafts. Some of the health and well-being concerns addressed in ecotherapy programs include depression, substance abuse, posttraumatic stress disorder, pain reduction, and overall life satisfaction. Ecotherapy may also be effective in addressing mental health concerns related to the COVID-19 pandemic. With this in mind, specific “green care” recommendations are offered, including more contact with plants and animals in and outside of the home environment. While more research is needed to establish the effectiveness of various forms of green care, understandings related to ecotherapy support the use of these strategies for ameliorating the isolation and loneliness associated with the pandemic.
Ecotherapy, as an emerging field in psychology, faces a number of criticisms and challenges. In addition to the sparsity of research, other issues include lack of time and money, boundary confidentiality and other legal concerns, finding suitable locations, and discomfort with the process. The rationale for moving the field forward, however, relates to – not only its potential for promoting human mental health and well-being – but also for its environmental implications. Ecopsychology, the philosophical framework for ecotherapy, reminds us of the fact that environmental health and human health are interconnected.
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