This paper presents a synthesis of recent literature focusing on important links between urban green space, cultural ecosystem services, and social determinants of health. This paper also examines the links between urban green space and public health within the context of environmental justice. A final section offers suggestions for related research and policy initiatives linking benefits from green spaces with equity and social determinants of health. The social determinants of health discussed in this paper are based on the United States Healthy People 2020 initiative and include: (1) health and health care; (2) neighborhood and built environment; (3) social and community context; (4) education; and (5) economic stability.
Cultural ecosystem services include the many physical, psychological, and social health benefits we receive from nature. Recent studies from a variety of disciplines clearly illustrate strong connections between nature and health, especially as they relate to green space and physical activity. Studies also support the understanding that direct and indirect exposure to natural settings promotes mental health, psychological health and positive social interactions. Other possible connections include links between green space, social capital, and sense of place. Social capital refers to networks of support and interaction that promote social cohesion, collaboration, and community action. Sense of place is described as the aesthetic, social, physical, spiritual, and psychological qualities of a place that contribute to a sense of attachment and a feeling of belonging.
While there are many individual and community-wide benefits of access to green spaces, such access and the related benefits are not equitably distributed across urban populations. This situation results in a widening of health gaps between socio-economic groups. To achieve health equity and promote physical and psychological well-being, all communities need access to the cultural ecosystem services that influence social determinants of health. Configuring green spaces in ways that provide more equal access to the cultural ecosystem services they provide may prove to be an important step in improving public health and advancing the environmental justice movement.
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